Colonial New England Women s Rights - 918 Words

Colonial New England women did not benefit from autonomy because they did not have the freedom associated. The husbands of colonial women had full control and their wives were dependent on them financially, occupationally, spiritually and even mentally: the women counted on the men for funds to keep the household fulfilled, took on their husbands religious and spiritual views, and also were told the right and wrong things they should be thinking about. In addition to not being independent in ways aforementioned, women in this era were not legally and politically autonomous which they would not get that right until later on in American history. In the Colonial America era, men were the ultimate â€Å"bread winners† of the household. They had actual occupations while their female counterparts stayed at home to do tedious housework such as â€Å"cooking, cleaning, and washing . . . food preservation and cloth production†. Women also were sometimes responsible for tendi ng to the farms and performed tasks such as â€Å"[raising] chickens, [tending to] vegetable gardens, and [running] the dairy, making cheese and butter for family use.† According to Gloria L. Main, â€Å"[most] believe that white women were more highly regarded in the colonies than at home, because of the higher value of their labor and their relative scarcity. . .† How can Main say that women are on a higher pedestal when they are not recognized for their labor in no way? Another spectrum on women were the Native AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution Of The New World Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesthe vast uncharted lands of the New World to the innovations of the antebellum period onto the Civil War, a multitude of opportunities swelled as time progressed for various ethnicities during the time periods of America. During the colonial period, new land, resources and revolutionizing means of trading expanded potential for the Europeans. The revolutionary period offered a new meaning to opportunity to a different gender and race as many sought for the same rights and prospects as granted to thatRead MoreGender Roles In Colonial America1346 Words   |  6 PagesToday, women are believed to be equal to men however this was not always the case. During colonial times, women did not have the same roles as women do today; men and women had fixed roles in society. Roles between men and women do not exchange due to strict gender roles. Additionally, married women were not exactly considered as companions instead, as the husband’s property. Although gender roles were a significant issue among women in early America, another issue was the background of these womenRead MoreHistory Of Tobacco During The Colonial Period1505 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Dai Mr. Howden Apush, Period 3 15 August 2015 Short Answers 2. (a). Tobacco, as it relates to the early colonial period, was a fundamental cash crop for the southern colonies. It was first discovered by Europeans after Columbus’s first return from the West Indies, and by the early 17th century, tobacco from the Spanish colonies was widely used throughout Europe. John Rolfe, a Jamestown planter, experimented and produced high quality tobacco which quickly spread throughout theRead MoreThe Regions of Colonial America Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesBy the 1700’s, New England, the Chesapeake region and the Southern Colonies developed into three distinct societies, despite coming from the same mother country, England. The regions of Colonial America each had a distinctive culture and economy entirely different from the other regions. Religion and religious tolerance was completely different in each region, running from being free to complete persecution. Ethnicity and racial composition ranged from almost complete British descent to a wide rangeRead MoreThe American Revolution : Popular Culture Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesJocelyn Lopez Professor Scott Keys History 111 December 14, 2016 The American Revolution: Popular culture One of the most critical components that helped define the American Revolution was the convergence of political and economic rights into one setting. The American Revolution was a political uprising that took place between the years of 1765 and 1783. It was at this time that thirteen colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrowing the authority of Great Britain in orderRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of the American Revolution1557 Words   |  7 PagesBritish and the American colonists contributed to causing the American Revolution. The war grew out of contempt: England’s contempt for the colonies and colonial contempt for British policies. A series of actions by the British eventually pushed the colonists over the edge and towards independence. The results of the war gave many citizens a new role in society while others, like slaves, felt no change at all. This paper will examine the specific causes and effects of the American Revolution. Read MoreThe Differences Between The Colonies And The Middle Colonies1738 Words   |  7 PagesTime Period 2 Study Guide 1. There were several main differences among the British colonial regions. The New England colonies being colonized mainly for religion while the Middle colonies found wealth through industry, whereas the Southern colonies sought more trade and wealth opportunities through colonization. Economically, the New England colonies did not have trade as their primary focused, but still were involved in the processes of fishing, lumbering, and trapping, the Middle colonies foundRead MoreAn Analysis Of Howard Zinn s Chapter Four Of A History Of The United States1684 Words   |  7 Pagestyrannical system of England with the same kind of tyranny. He continued expanding on all components of the American Revolution such as what led to the rebellion and dissatisfaction of the people and how after the American Revolution, nothing had really changed other than who became the current puppet master. The reality of the American Revolution was that it occurred out of greed and not to strictly obtain independence and freedom from the chains that bind them to England. In 1776, some importantRead More Colonial Differences in Early America Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesThe New England Colonies were a group of Puritans lead by John Winthrop who settled in Massachusetts and wanted religious reform. Off the first group lead by John Winthrop came along Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. The New England colony constantly took over native American lands and, as a result, much fighting took place between the Indians and the settlers of the region. The Puritans believed that people should worship and tend local matters as a community which resulted in a tightlyRead MoreDemocratization Of The United States936 Words   |  4 Pages Does people with criminal records should have the right to vote? My answer is NO. However, with the development of industrial society and modern technology, the continuous improvement of the degree of rationalization, democratization becomes a non-stop inverse trend. In developed countries democratization process, they always emerge situation repeatedly, along with the democratization of instability and recession. How to achieve democratization, and how to grasp the path of democratization, have

The American Civil Rights Movement Essays - 1529 Words

The Civil Rights Movement of the 50s and 60s was arguably one of the most formative and influential periods in American history. Hundreds of thousands of civil rights activists utilized non violent resistance and civil disobedience to revolt against racial segregation and discrimination. The Civil Rights Movement began in the southern states but quickly rose to national prominence. It is of popular belief that the civil rights movement was organized by small groups of people, with notable leaders like—Martin Luther King, Jr, Rosa Parks, Medgar Evers, and even John F. Kennedy—driving the ship. That is partly correct. The Civil Rights Movement, in its truest form, was hundreds of thousands of people organizing events and protests,†¦show more content†¦As a response, the Congress of Racial Equality—also known as CORE—and the Fellowship of Reconciliation decided to arrange interracial and bus rides across state lines. The Journey of Reconciliation, as they were called, decided to focus on the rampant bus segregation of the upper South, but avoided the more dangerous and risky areas of the deep south. Unfortunately, there was a lack of media attention and, ultimately, COREs goals and rides went unnoticed. In 1961, however, new—and successful—Freedom Rides were actualized. CORE partnered with student activists to continue previous efforts made to fight segregated bus rides and bus terminals. On May 4, 1961, two buses began the trip from Washington DC to New Orleans. They riders were met with little resistance and violence until they arrived in Rockhill, South Carolina. There were many violent beatings and arrests of the riders. The events in Rockhill, South Carolina initiated the national media coverage of the rides. On May 14, the Freedom Rides arrived in Anniston, Alabama. There, the riders were met with a violent mob of regular citizens and Ku Klux Klan members. Local authorities, lead by Birmingham Commissioner o f Public Safety Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor—who was known as anShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil Rights Movement586 Words   |  2 PagesHas someone ever told you that you were not allowed to do something that others had the right to? Maybe it was your parents, your boss, the government, but you thought you had just enough right as anyone else did? Well, during the 1960’s not everyone had the same rights. During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans were fighting for equality. They didn’t want â€Å"separate but equal† they wanted full equality for their people. This caused many riots throughout the US. When we look at riots weRead MoreThe African-American Civil Rights Movement1295 Words   |  5 Pages The African-American Civil Rights Movement is arguably the largest and most successful push towards toward change in American history. The movement was influenced by some of the biggest figures in American history as well, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and influenced by others such as president Kennedy and Johnson. Amongst the numerous protests and powerful speeches during the Civil Rights Movement perhaps the most prominent is the series of three marches in 1965 known today as the â€Å"Selma to Montgomery†Read MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And The American Civil Movement958 Words   |  4 Pages The Civil Rights Movement, also known as the American Civil Rights Movement and other names, is a term that encompasses the strategies, groups, and social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and di scrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968Read MoreThe American Civil Rights Movement1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil Rights Movement is personified through several prominent personalities. These figures exhibited strong character throughout their careers in activism that revolutionized the ideals and opportunities of the 20th century, standing as precedents for courage and perseverance in the face of widespread systemic oppression. However, not all of these figures received the acknowledgment and acceptance that their legacy deserved. One such figure was Bayard Rustin, a lifelong Civil RightsRead MoreThe American Of The Civil Rights Movement949 Words   |  4 Pagesstatement. As a whole, the Civil Rights Movement accounted for a drastic amount of changes to black businesses that primarily served black consumers. For instance, African American people stayed at blacked owned hotels, resorts, and restaurants, which gave way for African American entrepreneurship (Blackford 149). Once segregation was outlawed, African American consumers leapt at the opportunity to shop at white owned businesses. Post-Civil Rights Movement, the African American community has becomeRead MoreThe American Civil Right Movement922 Words   |  4 PagesIt was just a single line in a speech given more than fifty years ago, yet many still remember it as one of the most important turning points in Southern political history and the American civil right movement. As many civil rights activists were fighting for the abolishment of Jim Crow laws, newly elected Governor George Wallace stood at the podium under the Alabama State House to deliver his inaugural speech which would later cement his legacy amongst the most controversial figures in SouthernRead MoreThe American Civil Rights Movement912 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Ferguson Riots after a young, unarmed teenager named Michael Brown was shot by a police officer. Some believe that these events and the emergence of the #BlackLivesMatter campaign could be the beginning of yet another American civil rights movement. The first LGBT movement began in 1969 after the raid of one of the few gay bars in the United States, Stonewall Inn. Often, the story of this seedy nightclub is distorted or hardly taught at all. A huge example of this is the recent movie on the riotsRead MoreThe American Of The Civil Rights Movement1886 Words   |  8 PagesFrom slavery to the Civil Rights Movement, the African American community has faced hardships, discrimination and prejudice based on their position in the racial hierarchy in the United States. Although the melting pot called the American population has learned to coexist in the twenty first century, the African American community continues to face these problem even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress prohibiting discrimination of race, color, religion, sex, or national originRead MoreThe American Civil War And The Civil Rights Movement1725 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the American Civil War (1861-1865), major changes which were crucial to the establishment of African America ns in the American society took place. Before the bloody war, slaves were comprised of thirteen percent of the total population of the United States. The treatments they receive from their masters ranged from generous to abusive. The issue of slavery was becoming more and more apparent in social, economic, and most importantly political aspects of the country. In fact, even before theRead MoreThe American Civil War And The Civil Rights Movement1539 Words   |  7 PagesIn elementary school, students study the Civil War, and the Civil Rights movement. Teachers speak about slavery and racism as if it were a thing of the past; and juvenile minds are lead to believe that Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream has finally come true. But as these futile minds mature, they encounter different versions of this â€Å"dream†. Caucasian faces may live to believe the world is a blissful place, but scoff at the waitress who struggles to speak english. Brown faces may look at the homosexua l

Billy Elliot Free Essays

Context Assignment For Billy Elliot Topic sentence: Different types of conflict often occur within a family. Families are portrayed throughout most films and texts, as indestructible, constantly supportive, and held together by a bond that is not able to be changed or broken. This ‘perfect’ image is unable to be supported in reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Elliot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conflicts that occur between families, particularly between parents and children, are common in today’s belligerent world. Although, the stereotypical views of the perfect family, lead one to believe these indestructible and constantly supportive relationships are accurate representations of families today. These relationships often evade reality, providing a a tainted view to those in search of the true meaning that is family. A more realistic view of a family in today’s society can be taken from the film â€Å"Billy Elliot†. The idea of a single father raising two adolescent boys in a poor household, where the idea that a bond in a family cannot be changed or broken, shows flaw in the idealist view one is led to believe. Many conflicts between the protagonists in the film, when focusing on the relationship between parent and child at the time of adolescence, it is shown that conflict is unavoidable between a father and son. To disobey one’s family, one requires a a lot of courage. There are rules put in place by the head of the family, these rules help to minimize conflict in the family. However, when these rules begin to be challenged, which is often seen through the time of adolescence, conflict occurs. It can be said that children obey their parents out of fear. Fears such as punishment and perhaps even the threat of being disowned often keep children in line. In the film â€Å"Billy Elliot† a rule that is heavily enforced by Jackie, Billy’s father, is the idea of gender roles. Throughout the film Billy is faced with enormous difficulty because of the views of society, which helps to enforce his rule, as Billy enjoys participating in stereotypically feminine activities. Billy puts forth a lot of courage to disobey his strict father, with whom he does not a good relationship with until the near end of the film. Billy going through adolescence, becomes headstrong about his desire to continue dancing and defies his father sparking a far amount of conflict within the family. As most good films have the cliche` happy ending these conflicts were resolved and Billy was able to continue his ambition and express his passion through the art of dance. However not all families have the ‘happy ending’. In fact the disobeying of a parent spurs form their inability to understand the very idea of the issues faced by the common teenager today. Parents find it difficult to relate to their children, it is due to this difficulty that conflicts can arise. Particularly with female teenagers and their fathers, there are many difficulties, such as the inability to understand the adolescent pressures of being feminine. For a male to fully understand these pressures they would have to go through menstruation and actually look into the female mind. It is very difficult to communicate with a male figure that is almost three times your age. This is why many young female teenagers are forced into conflict with their fathers. This often is also due to one’s inability to accept this males attempts at understanding. The relationships one has with their parents is often a difficult thing to keep without conflict. The stereotypical image of a family only really, represents a small number of families. In reality if all families where as they are portrayed in films and books, there would be little or no conflict in the family household. How to cite Billy Elliot, Essay examples Billy Elliot Free Essays Billy Elliot Scene Analysis Scene Title and Description – Sound (Diegetic and non-diegetic) Movement 1. Opening titles: The song Cosmic Dancer hand places record by T-rex is heard as boy delicately on is jumping up and down. turntable, boy is seen The responder jumping up and down immediately assumes uncontrollably and that music plays an displaying a happy important role in this and carefree boy’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Elliot or any similar topic only for you Order Now disposition. 2. A Disgrace in the Gloves – Setting (lighting and – Camera techniques – Text – Symbols – Quotes colour) – Costuming The boy is dressed in The frame remains still The title of the film Billy bright clothes, and the as the boy’s body moves Elliot appears on the background is a bright in and out of it. This is screen as the boy’s entire yellow wall paper. These revealing a sense of body re-enters the colours give the freedom this character, frame. The responder impression that and the idea that he may can now conclude that Billy is a symbol of hope not conform in his this boy is Billy and in and light in his world. stagnant world. fact the protagonist of the film. Repetition of â€Å"I was dancing† – when the music begins, – the sign about boxing is Billy’s boxing fight begins much larger then the also. This is the contrast dancing sign. Shows of ballet piano music the focus on masculine whilst he is in a boxing figures and the male ring. He beings to move dominance within the and stuff around (â€Å"not town. (boxing for boys, again† he does not have dancing for girls) a passion for boxing. – â€Å"your a disgrace to Comparison is that the them gloves, your vast difference between father and the tradition boxing and ballet; two of this boxing hall†. completely different George Watson (boxing worlds. coach) Link to Into the World a child’s freedom and naive child with no worries or cares about the surround world The fun and joy of a kid jumping up and down on their bed. Represents the way of which a child is placed into the world as this innocent being. this scene is significant because it is building the framework of the complication. Examining Billy, he is growing up into a community that is centered around mining and boxing for men; a ridged patriarchal society. In this scene it represents the gender roles and expectations. It is an expectation that this is the world that Billy will stay in (defying gender roles) 3. The Ballet Class – the choreography of Billy’s movement seeks to show his connection with the dancing world. He moves to the timing kept by Mrs Wilkinson. – the use of the piano music has Billy visits his mothers grave is representative of the mood and seeks to create an emotional response; the sombre tone of the piano highlights the hardships that Billy faces with the recent loss of his mother (1 year) this is a new world and experience for him. – ‘Top hat, White tie’ Fred Astaire Billy Elliot t’s costuming of the boxing gear is juxtaposed to the ballet students. this highlights to us that Billy has not yet entered this world – he placing of the – â€Å"fred Astaire was your – this scene shows Billy’s boxing bag serves as a mothers favorite dancer† displacement within the barrier which he needs – grandmother world as a boxer when his to over come, in order true love is really ballet. to fully enter and – Billy does not fit into this engage with the world reflection within the world of dance as a manly boxer, the way tracking shot of the he moves appears that Billy girls ballet shoes in is not comfortable about contrast to Billy’s being in the boxing world; boxing shoes; further confining himself within a reinforced by the use of world of which he does not a close up. elong†¦. seeing the ballet – changing into the ballet class the dancers enables shoes at an eye level him to being to unlock that sho t; symbolically inner want and need he showing that he is has hidden within him (his breaking away from his passion) for dancing/ballet. old existence. – this represents the first barrier/obstacle within him self he has to over come 4. To Be a Dancer – tracking shot capturing the ‘STRIKE NOW’ posters establishes the social and political environment – first class of ballet Billy is awkward, stiff, ridged and self conscious of what he is doing in the class. The music elevates and is of a high paced staccato music. He is now also dancing out side in the open. Prior to this moment/scene in the movie the music was slow and confined within the spaces he is in (room, ballet studio) the heavy presence of the police; costumed with shields (illustrating that there is a level of violence and animosity; used as a type of intimidation) Billy is framed in his room through the use of his door way; his father does not enter into â€Å"Billy’s world†. – long shot of the – â€Å"Your ever-faithful billboard seeks to washday slave† display the power and Billboard slogan. asculinity of males; – â€Å"I feel like a right sissy† yet emphasises the â€Å"well don’t act like one† hardships they face Billy and Mrs Wilkinson. billboard defaces to the – Mr Brathwaite to Billy washing advertisement; â€Å"You look like a right a music treble clef, is wanker to me son† – Billy seen on a poster that is is then dancing in the ripped down and street, this shows he has defaced. no care and does not Billy is in a private care about what people world that is only think about him dancing. exclusive to him self (placing his ballet shoes under his bed and closing the door) – Motif of the framing; reenforcing his masculinity e. . looking into the mirror and protruding his chest then exhaling(disappointmen t) – The boys whilst jogging took a different path to the rest o f their class mates, this symbolises the different paths they take to the rest of the town Billy being a ballet dancer and Michael being a homosexual. – when in the dancing studio the larger mirror shows his freedom being able to be him self, then once in his house they mirror is small and confines him in his own home; as his confidence grows so does the size of the mirrors. 5. Dad Finds Out The ballet music is underscored with the voices repeatedly shouting â€Å"SCUM† by the minors strike. – Radio in house is reinforcing the minors strike. – Song : ‘Children of the revolution’; the song being reflected of Billy’s transition, Billy represents the change of breaking away from the typical masculine activities and roles by dancing 6. Mrs Wilkinson’s Offer – voices intensify as the – being confined in the conversation picks up in space of the car, as they the interest in the matter talk about the Ballet of being offer ed to Billy school, as well as about the ballet school discussing the private lessons. The minors yelling scum is viewed at a areal view (birds eye) to show the momentum of the protestors and force of the police officers clashing at the picket line. – the world is juxtaposed to the grace and elegance of the ballet. – Ballet is filmed with an eye level mid shot – Close up on Jacky’s face once he sees Billy in the. – When sitting at the table arguing the camera zooms into Billy’s face as the emotions get over whelming. Both Billy and Jacky are passionate about their own opinions and are not going to break about how they feel. – its not his fault†, â€Å"and thats alright with you is it? † – Billy to Mrs Wilkinson â€Å"now piss off†, â€Å"piss off your self† – Mrs Wilkinson and Billy this dialogue can be used to show the type of closeness they can share together 7. Private Lessons 8. A Ghost Sto ry – mothers motif plays – the gym appears like a once Mrs Wilkinson heavenly setting. The begins reading his lighting is of natural mothers letter lights with the sunlight – ‘ I love to boogie’ – the streaming through the dance was free and had above window down loose movements where upon Mrs Wilkinson. hey were enjoying – The Gates are an themselves opening into his own – Dancing between Billy world, to where he can and Mrs Wilkinson be him self. dance in unison – Mrs Wilkinson is always together. wearing the same – the music stops when clothing as if she will Billy shuts his home always be the same door. and that Billy knows she will be. – Billy’s clothing is gradually getting lighter until the end of the scene where he is wearing complete white as a representation of innocence. – swan lake, telling the – the bridge being so story. large and dominating, – use of mothers motif t o the music of swan lake show that she is still intensifies. here for Billy. – swan lake and the – In comparison to when juxtaposition of the they first start this elegance of the music lesson is serious, and world with the harsh structured and focused; buildings of the this shows his industrial world. improvement and – As the pulley comes maturity of Billy as a across the lake it moves dancer and as a in time with the music. person. the camera angle starts as a long shot and as Billy and Mrs Wilkinson draw nearer the angle shot gets closer as well until they reach a head shot of Billy and Mrs Wilkinson. â€Å"always be your self† – Mother from letter read by Billy and Mrs Wilkinson. intertexuality; Billy Elliott refers to swan lake. Mrs Wilkinson When in the ballet studio with the bar, the shot is a eye level, panning shot that is at a distance. close up shot when Mrs Wilkinson is not smoking; more understanding and compassionate towards Billy; in tensity and focus she has when dancing with Billy † a few hours every night she becomes alive†¦ she becomes real again† – Mrs Wilkinson. 9. Tony’s Arrest – tony is angry; therefore getting caught by the police. ‘ London Calling’ – The Clash. costuming of police shown in that context; riot shields; batons; riding horse back forces fear into people based on what they are wearing. – Minors are fiercely out numbered by police in this scene. – close up of Billy’s face when watching his brother being caught; head shot of a sigh as his witnesses his brother capture. 10. The Chance to Dance – music starts when the heated moment of argument between Old Tony and Mrs Wilkinson; almost dominating the argument, later leads to Billy breaking out in dance. Everyone is inside where as Michael is the only one that is outside with Billy the others are framed within the windows – ‘ A town like maliceâ₠¬â„¢ The clash begins on the street where they move indoors. The scene then goes to Billy outside but confined in the space of the break wall, although he breaks down the door. It then moves to the roof and further more in the streets getting further and further away from his home life where he is confined in his space and the pressure of his family; the more he breaks away from his home he is able to express him self and his emotions freely. in the fight mrs wilkinson and Billy are in frame work, tony is standing, jacky and the grandmother are sitting because they don’t know if to be on tony’s side or on Billy’s side; Billy and Mrs Wilkinson are limited of power because they are within frame work. Tony is standing giving him more power then all the other characters in the scene. – eye level shot the brick wall is – â€Å"do you have any idea – over coming obstacles symbolic of Billy’s what we are going confinement within his through ? † – Tony family; kicking down the door as a form of breaking free or wanting to let out his frustration. egins at an eye level shot and then gradually changes from eye level to close up of the face; expressing the rising emotions with each of the characters. Once Tony placed Billy on the table this downward shot would normally be of power, although it seems that Billy is powerless this is when the switch of power is shown; Tony and his father later realise that Billy can dance and this placing of him on the table is to ridicule Billy. Billy exercising power because he does have talent the metal door is what is stopping him from being a ballet dancer; his barrier. Doesn’t stop dancing until he hits the barrier showing he is trying to break past the barrier. 11. Christmas – dissonance; clash of sound, the drone represents the loosing of the memory of the mother. – The swinging of the door to be able to watch, to keep her alive to still remember her as his father hammers the piano – Tony in the mirror disjointed from the family, as they are all the in the camera shot but Tony is only in the mirror reflecting – The moment by the fire is when they accept the leaving of the mother and how they are excepting their life without them. – 12. A Dance of De? ance – Billy is dancing with his arms by his side, he resembles the Irish traditional dancing and which resembles the irish dancing, when dancing was band by the police, his arms were hidden and basically in the times where it was illegal to dance, billy has raised his arms to show his con? dence, strength and freedom. – – – – 13. Dad? s Decision this scene is shaped by important decisions that are made by Jackie (Jackie also goes back to work) – accept billy? s typing – return to work – sell his wife jewellery – When he walking up to the bus, he wouldn? say his own name to get himself marked off, and his breathing was very heavy and deep. – You see him sitting on one side and the fact he saw his son, he was ashamed by what he was doing and moved to the other side. – He went into panic which also made him mood, his breathing intensi? ed, – His hands were in his pocket – He has be en ? ghting for so long for the principals he has been ? ghting for, that he goes back because the love for his son is stronger then the principals he was ? ghting for. – he is sitting alone on the bus, he kind of puts himself away from the other males on the bus. the scene cuts to the rioters, calling out SCUM! – sophisticated and formal language. – no swearing – Billy? s dancing is very free and it seems that the judges are very uncertain towards his movement. brightly lit ballet school, coincides with the white surroundings; this has a ethereal feel; symbolic of wealth 14. The Audition He enters Billy? s – â€Å"Thanks for everything bedroom and sits by you have done for billy, billy? s bed. Creates but he is my son† – Jackie intimacy because its a (he is taking responsibly close shot of Billy and for Billy, taking into Jackie in silence. onsideration what billy – Billy is trying to fake wants) sleep because he is unsure why his father is there. – There is silence, this is a type if intimacy where there is silence so the viewers are unsure and billy are unsure what is going on. – Jackie? s believe have been shown to chance, by the blank face that he stairs at his knees with. – the zoom shows how inferior Jackie was in this section (Walking into the mines) – When tony jumps the fence this is a symbol of tony breaking threw the emotional side of things. close up of jackie? s hands whilst he places his wife? s jewellery onto his hands and exhaled deeply as he clutched them like they as if they are treasures – 15. The Interview – – 16. The Letter – Jackie finding out out the union caved in brought him back to reality of his own situation. – – 17. Billy’s Big Night – Swan lake; represents that he has made it. – camera shots, the panel – â€Å"i can feel this change of judges are always in in my body, just like this a different camera shot ? e in my body just to Billy and Jackie; this there like a bird like illustrates the barrier electricity† – Billy ; between them; obstacle description of his of success for Billy, yet transformation through another barrier he has dance shows feelings of to over come. freedom and liberation, as well as energy and power. – â€Å"mr elliot good luck with the strike† – Judge ;hints that they will take Billy? s circumstances into their thought towards Billy coming into the ballet school. – eye level shot and the street was sloping upwards. close up shot of the grandmother looking for the postmen – mid shot of Billy and his father sitting close together – accumulation of shots building on top of each other to show Billy has full support of his family and the community. – low angel shot of jackie celebrating; shows power and pride. – aspect of moving into the world is the support of the peopl e around him; he as also impacted on each of the people he said goodbye to as well; he only said goodbye to the people who had a significant people in his life 18. End Titles – – – – – How to cite Billy Elliot, Essay examples Billy Elliot Free Essays Written by kim cropper â€Å"Into the world† is about individuals making big decisions and choosing new pathways. They choose these by their own determination, support and experiences which allows them to break out of their cocoon and transition into a new world with different experiences. These pathways can offer us possibilities or problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Elliot or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Billy Elliot†, a film directed by Stephan Dauldry portrays the difficulties of growing up whilst dealing with a variety of social issues such as poverty, rigid gender expectations and class. The protagonist, Billy faces these problems to gain possibilities. These problems and how they are overcome are shown in the film through the use of the motif of doors and windows, dialogue, music and close-up camera shots. The allegory of the â€Å"ugly Duckling† also serves as a motif throughout the film that parallels Billy’s transition into a â€Å"swan†. Tracey Chapman’s song â€Å"fast car† shows the difficulties of moving into new worlds and the lamentable fact that people are not always able to succeed into their transition. The simple language and intimacy of the song, repetition and the metaphor of the â€Å"fast car† are used to convey these differing experiences of a young women’s attempt to escape from her world. Societies construct of masculinities is a problem Billy faces whilst moving into his new world. This is shown throughout the film in numerous scenes. In the â€Å"disgrace to gloves† scene, Jackie Elliot, Billy’s father says to Billy, â€Å"your a disgrace to those gloves†, the use of dialogue shows the tradition of passing down the gloves and the expectation that he will do boxing. In the scene when Jackie first sees Billy dancing he confronts him and his use of dialogue, â€Å"boys do boxing not ballet†, shows the acceptable and expected behaviour of a male in this community. The rigid gender expectations are also shown through the dialogue when mr Braithwaite states â€Å"you look like a real wanker to me son† and when boxing coach states, â€Å"this is boxing not a bloody tea dance†. The seperation between male and female is visually represented in the boxing versus ballet sequence where the boxing realm is strictly divided from the ballet realm. This symbolises the divide between what society finds acceptable for Billy and what Billy wishes to pursue. Billy stands at the door between the two worlds, his reflection in a mirror as he observes mrs wilkinson and her ballet class. This symbolises his unmade decision whether or not to cross over into the world of ballet. The open door symbolises the awaiting opportunities if billy crosses into that world. How to cite Billy Elliot, Essay examples

Go Greek free essay sample

They make assumptions that are most likely not true. They make assumptions from hear say only. You need to experience it, before you judge. Lauren Border’s negative outlook on the Greek system is mistaken, because she overlooks the positives like sisterhood and brotherhood, scholarship, and leadership, and what they have to offer. In â€Å"Pledging to never rush: a criticism of Greek life at Tufts†, published in The Tufts Daily, student at Tufts University Lauren Border writes how she is against the Greek life establishment at Tufts. She doesn’t understand why people would want to join an establishment that gives you so many bad names, and separates women from men, and men from women. In the article she did want to make clear that she does not dislike the people in the Greek life establishment. She has nothing against them; she is just against the establishment. She doesn’t like how the sexes are separated. She doesn’t understand that women are still trying to make a step up in the world and become equal to men, but then they have these establishments that separate them. She is also very against the hazing aspect on both sides of the Greek system. Girls’ egos are shut down, and men have to prove something, just to be part of something. She is stating that you can feel belonged to something and not have to partake in any of these things. In the article she states, â€Å"I am convinced that Greek life usually does much more harm than good. † She wants a change at Tufts and she is hoping that this article will make people wake up and see that there are other options out there. Border’s opinion on he Greek system lacks credibility when she points out the flaws of the Greek system. For every point she makes, she does not have any proof to back it up with. Also Border makes all of her judgments based off of the Tuft University Greek Life, when in reality not all Greek Life is the same on every campus nationwide. She is judging without knowing. Unlike Border I am currently part of a Greek establishment and it is the best decision I have ever made. I have only been in the house for three months, and I have experienced things I don’t think I would have ever experienced if I didn’t join. I don’t know if it’s because I go to the University of Idaho, but some of the stuff she mentions are not true. For example, Border states in the article that girls have it way worse in the Greek system than guys, but here at the University of Idaho, it’s the complete opposite. Absolutely no hazing is allowed, and if the house gets caught it will be shut down. No exceptions what so ever. There are many benefits for joining a Greek establishment. Border only looks at all the negatives, and doesn’t even bother to consider the positives. One of the multiple benefits for joining a Greek establishment is friendship and sisterhood/brotherhood you gain. When joining a house you have the advantage of meeting people of various backgrounds with both different yet similar interests. The ideal of sisterhood/brotherhood is the principal foundation upon which each fraternity/ sorority is built and from which you will receive the greatest benefit. You will always have people pushing you to be the very best you can be, and will be there when the going gets tough. Another benefit for joining an establishment is the academic side of it. One of the main purposes of the fraternity or sorority community is to develop and encourage high scholastic achievement among the members. Within the house you have the opportunity to take advantage of peer tutoring, upperclassman counseling, and chapter study hours. Those chapter study hours give the newest members a good sense of the change of study habits they are going to have to become accustom to in order to be successful in college. Also, there is the fact that your brothers/sisters can offer all kinds of academic advice after their experiences. There are so many benefits in joining a house, but I am only going to mention one more. When you join a fraternity or sorority you will be offered the opportunity to take on a leadership position. Leadership positions range from president to vice president of finance all the way to purchase chairman. Everyone in a fraternity or sorority is a leader, whether you’re an officer, on a committee, or just a participant. You will learn by doing. You will learn how to manage a budget, run effective meetings, speak in public, and motivate others. These are skills that will help you not only within the university but throughout your life. These days it takes more than just a degree to get a job, it takes leadership experience. Being a part of something that has a lot of meaning behind everything is an amazing feeling. Being a part of a sorority/ fraternity and forming that sisterhood/ brotherhood is such an amazing thing. You know people have your back all the time, and you know you are not alone. Everyone is going through the same thing. Learning life skills while being part of a Greek establishment will help you so much later down the road. Whether you hear good or bad things about joining a house, give it a chance. You will never understand the meaning behind everything if you don’t give it a try. Lauren Borders negative outlook on the Greek system is mistaken, because she overlooks the positives of what it has to offer. Everything was based on hearsay and personal opinion. She had nothing to back up any of her points.

Esha Jafri Success Story with Amazon. Start earning being a student!

Esha Jafri Success Story with Amazon. Start earning being a student! The initial idea of starting your entrepreneurship is to become successful and famous in any area of modern activities. Regardless of you being a girl or a boy, it is pretty much achievable if you came up with an idea and a detailed plan. The story of Esha Jafri is not an exception, and a single independent girl from the Charminar city can be a subject of many admirers or dream pursuers. The first part of her life was not easy, as she tried to find herself in the real world. Changing her jobs from time to time, badly impacted Esha’s health and she made a tough decision to return to her homeland. Her main dream was traveling around the world, but she could not afford it or at least fulfilled some part of a dream. She had a big interest in beauty products, and suddenly she decided to create her own business. Of course, her road begun on Amazon.com, where she started to sell products from the local market. After a short time, she realized how many positive responses she had, and it drove her to manufacture her beauty products. Esha came up with the name of a brand – ‘La Eztilo – Live Life Stylishly.’ The inventory of her products has increased its size, and it was the first step towards pursuing a dream. She later admitted how the selling process through Amazon incredibly changed her life. The business has started to grow fast, and now she could afford to visit many countries, as an independent businesswoman. The best part was the accessibility and perfect availability to operate her business and increase the sales from any part of the world. At some point, it was very pleasant to understand, that she is making money by traveling around the world and she finally achieved her goals. She, of course, went through all circles of hell, at the beginning of her business. Mainly, she could not sell any products for first two months, and she felt very depressed and overwhelmed. However, it did not break her, as she is now proud of her activity, posting each week photos from the country she visits following the big and shiny smile. She worked hard to start her own business, and there were tons of videos, articles and other additional materials to learn how you can start your business on Amazon. Finally, it pays off. After the depressing periods of no sales, she started to sell her products, and each month Esha beats her records, increasing her financial situation richly. The story of Esha shows how it is important to pursue your goals no matter what. Following her story of success, and many moments of her previous life, she said many times that Amazon has changed her life and helped to pursue the goals and her main dream of traveling. Do not hesitate to learn from such examples, and maybe you will be the one, described in details, in our articles in a few years.

An Everything Bagel World Professor Ramos Blog

An Everything Bagel World I grew up in Southern California and describe it as a â€Å"everything bagel state,† it has different colors of people, different beliefs, and different sexual orientations, we have a little bit of everything. It was easy for me to except that we were all different, this is all I knew. At a Young age, around 6 or 7 I learned that sometimes guys like other guys and girls like other girls, â€Å"gay† and â€Å"lesbian†. This was something I didn’t put too much thought into, I just thought everyone likes what they like and that’s just how the world goes. Obviously, as I got older, I learned that some people don’t accept it as easily as I do. When I was about 20 years old, I received a phone call from my very close cousin whom I grew up with and was like a brother to be me. He told me â€Å"I love you, I wanted to tell you that I’m gay and I have a boyfriend. I don’t want you to think any different about me, I’m still your same cousin.† He started crying. I did not want him to feel bad, ashamed or embarrassed about being gay, that was who he was. So, right after, I said, â€Å"I had a feeling that you were! And I love you no matter what! He wasn’t that surprised that I knew, we are very close. He kept crying and said he told his Mom and his step-dad, and they were taking it really hard. His mom was sad about it and his step-dad thought it’s horrible that he likes guys and is something that he is not going to accept. Along with that, some of his best friends that he grew up with were shocked and had deleted him on social media and stopped talking to him. I could tell by his voice that It was killing him to have this kind of reaction from people that he was close to and loved. I told him that he was a great person and if his friends dont want to be friends with him than its their loss, this is who you are, if they stop talking to you because of this, they are not your true friends. Your mom and dad, on the other hand will hopefully get it, they probably just need time to process everything. I wanted to do everything in my power to let him know that there was nothing wrong with him or his feelings, and that he had someone to be there and accept him for him. That weekend I visited my cousin to show support, to let him be open about being gay and not have to hide it anymore while being around someone, especially family. I couldn’t imagine having to hide who you are from your loved ones, or really anyone. So it was a big deal that I made him comfortable in his own skin. We talked for hours about when he first started noticing he liked guys, his first â€Å"real† crush. I asked him about his boyfriend, and asked him if he was cute, we both laughed. I asked him normal questions that anyone would ask someone about a boyfriend or girlfriend. I told him I would love to be the first to meet him. I could tell that made him happy. Soon after, I met his boyfriend who was extremely nice, and I noticed right off the bat that he was perfect for my cousin. Around that time there was a family event, but my cousin couldn’t make it. I saw my Aunt (his mom), and she said â€Å"Im sure you heard about your cousin† in a disappointed way. The way she said it honestly bugged the CRAP out of me. So with a huge smile on my face I said, â€Å"Yes! I did, and I met his boyfriend, he was so nice, they’re such a cute couple.† She had a slightly shocked look on her face because she had no idea that I had met him, or what I would think about it all. I wanted her to know that there was someone who thinks that there is absolutely nothing wrong with it and maybe it would sort of change her outlook. She told me about the hard time that she was having with it, I told her I understand, that was her little boy, but he seems really happy. And that was all I was really going to say about it. It wasn’t my place to try to convince her. His step-dad overheard us talking and said â€Å"I just I dont want to see it around me.â₠¬  There was really nothing I could say, that was how he felt and like I said, it wasn’t really my place. Time moved forward, about a year, mostly everyone accepted the fact he was gay including   his step-dad. See, his step-dad was black, and his mom was white. He told my cousin that there was a time where people didn’t accept them being together, and he didn’t want to do the same to him. His mom   became very close to his boyfriend. They both came to Christmas parties and other family events, and it became normal to everyone else, which made my cousin finally feel comfortable. A wedding ,on a beach, with our significant others, on a beautiful sunny afternoon, , with an amazing   bright red sunset sounds like a dream wedding to a lot of us.. This wedding was my cousins, he was as happy as could be. Our whole family sitting there watching was the greatest thing that he could’ve asked for. The reception was at a campground where everyone had their tents, we barbecued, played games, it was a â€Å"them† kind of ceremony. That night we briefly separated from the party and sat on the cliffs, watching the moon reflect off of the ocean. He thanked me for being there for him from the start, and that, that’s what he needed, was someone to be there for him. I told him I loved him I am happy that he is happy. Everyone is different, this whole world is and Everything Bagel, there are people going through different experiences then we are, that are trying to accept themselves and having other people accept them. Some of the time you see others putting people down, judging them and making them feel bad. Ive learned that being there for someone while they are going through a difficult time, just might be the best thing you could do for someone, because it is totally okay to be different.

Robots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Robots - Research Paper Example ..............................................................................7 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................7 REFERENCES................................................................................................................9 The global technological advancement has hit higher notch with a shift to use of robot in several activities. It is important to discuss in lengths and depths the significance of robot technology in regard to the increasing need for efficiency in production and service delivery for a better living in the society. Scientists are making several attempts to develop a wide variety of robots that can reason nearly as a human being and undertake several activities. In this respect, it is important to note that further investigation is critical as far as ethical concerns are concerned in the robot technology. There is more investigation on how to improve robot to human interaction as this would result into break rough in their efficiency. A. Background - Robots are man made virtual artificial agents that are computer programmed and can be guided to carry out several activities normally done by man. More research and development efforts by countries and individuals have led to increased application of robots in the society. Ranging from the medical field, space exploration, military among others, scientists are continuously developing more sophisticated robots. Robots are always electro-mechanically operated and therefore lack human aspects which are the greatest concern. B. Purpose/Audience–The purpose of my research paper is to bring awareness and define possible solutions that robot scientists are studying to solve the problem of human robot interaction. By exposing the problem and its severity, this paper may also motivate scientists to invest in solving this crisis. Robotic research scientist students will be the primary audience for my

Reflective summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective summary - Essay Example This is obviously important not only professionally, but practically (Zala 2007). When examining evidence, there might be only one opportunity to insure that every facet of the material is properly analysed in order to get accurate readings on a whole host of foreign bodies that might be present (Gonzalez 2013). With that in mind, I also now realise that I need to be more analytical in my observation skills as it is essential that I visualise what might have happened, or infer the significance of a particular piece of evidence, even it at first my eyes might not catch on. In performing that practical experiments, I did notice that I have difficult discerning the relevance of particular bits of evidence at first and that it took more discussion before I caught on as to what I was actually observing. Naturally, this will likely come with more practice and I look forward to competing many more practicals in order to become more skilled at being to observe every facet of the evidence tha t is placed under

Economic growth and technological advance interact and drive the rise Essay

Economic growth and technological advance interact and drive the rise of Western Civilization through 1500 - Essay Example hnological advancement had prompted for the start of the Age of Discovery, which lead to the start of the rising power of the Western European region. The start of economic growth in the Western European region was when the status of private property rights was changed and given more emphasis in line with the Protestant work ethic. According to Robert Higgs in his article "The Rise of the West," this change in the status had provided people more incentive to accumulate capital, hence the development of capitalism and start of economic progress followed: "Fundamental to that sustained dynamism was the gradually improving status of private property rights. So long as people cannot count on a reasonable prospect of reaping the fruits of their efforts and investments, they have little or no incentive to work hard or to accumulate physical, human, and intellectual capital. And without such accumulation, no ongoing economic progress is possible. More reliable private property rights did not just drop from heaven, however. For the most part, the merchants acquired the protection of such rights by paying off the robber barons and aspiring kings who constituted the fragmented ruling stratum of Western Europe (Higgs 2002)." As the status of private property rights changed, accumulation of intellectual capital had been rewarded in relation to trade. New technological advancements had enabled agriculture to flourish in the region. The significant inventions such as water mills and new farming techniques had enabled better and more plenty production of agricultural goods. According to the "Technology in the Middle Ages" page of San Jose State University website, "In addition to the redesign of the plow, the way the crops were grown changed in Medieval Europe when farmers changed from a two-field crop rotation to a three-field crop rotation beginning in the 8th century (SJSU.edu 2009)." Two other significant agricultural technologies had helped grow the production of crops in

Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy

Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy The General Scheme of Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010 is a publication by the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources outlining details of the Geothermal Energy Development Bill which is being drafted. The Bill aims to provide a legislative framework for the vesting, licensing and regulation of geothermal energy. Publication is expected in July 2011. The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland report was commissioned by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) and carried out by the CSA Group (now SLR Consulting Ireland) and was completed in July 2004. The report reviewed existing knowledge of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland, identified potential resources of geothermal energy in Ireland, created geothermal models of Ireland and produced a series of geothermal maps of Ireland, reviewed the current status and utilisation of geothermal energy resources in Ireland, and provided strategic recommendations regarding future utilisation in the context of International Best Practice. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)Â   The final output of this study, apart from the written report is a series of geothermal maps showing measured and modelled geothermal subsurface temperatures at various depths ranging from 100m to 5000m. This is useful for researchers, consultants and decision members interested in exploring geothermal potential at any location. Sutainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)Â   (Retrieved 8/11/2010) 2.2 The Kyoto Protocol 2.2.1 Global Warming and Climate Change Global Warming is the phenomenon whereby the earths surface temperature rises over time which causes climatic change. Global Warming is caused by the release of Green House Gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere thus creating what has become known as the greenhouse effect. The primary GHG is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) which contributes to global warming through the process of burning fossil fuels. 40% of all CO2 emissions are from power plants, 33% from motor vehicles, and 3.5% from aircraft. (http://globalwarming.com/2009/03/causes-of-global-warming/) (30/11/2010) 2.2.2 Introduction of the Kyoto Protocol The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty formed by the United Nations (UN) at its Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 with the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. [1] Climate Lab http://climatelab.org/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change Retrieved 12/11/2010 The treaty provided for updates or protocols that set mandatory emission limits. The principle update is the Kyoto Protocol which was initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11th December 1997 and came into force on 16th February 2005. Under the Kyoto Protocol, participating Annex 1 countries (industrialised countries and member states of the European Union) agreed to commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gas emissions of 5.2% collectively from 1991 levels. 188 states ratified the protocol including 37 industrialized countries. [2] UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Retrieved 12/11/2010 One major obstacle for the establishment of the protocol was the refusal of the worlds largest CO2 emitter, the United States, to sign the treaty. The second major obstacle is that rapidly developing nations like China and India face no legal obligation to meet the limits set out to reduce their GHG emissions. China is the worlds second largest CO2 emitter. 2.2.3 Ireland and the Kyoto Protocol Ireland signed the Kyoto Protocol on 19th April 1998 and ratified it on 31st May 2002. [3] UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php Retrieved 12/11/2010 While the Kyoto Protocol required Annex 1 countries to reduce its GHG emissions by 5.2% between 2008 and 2012, the European Union wishing to show leadership in this area undertook to reduce emissions by 8% for the same period. Although an 8% reduction was sought across the EU, Irelands target was an increase of 13% in emissions based on 1990 levels which is the base year for Kyoto limits. This value reflects growth in the economy and expected future growth. This increase is compensated by bigger reductions in other countries. [4] Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd. (HKEX) http://www.hkex.com.hk/consul/paper/cp200906dm_e.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) was published in October 2000 as a basis for government policy in relation to climate change. Its aim was to set Ireland on a pathway to reaching its targets in relation to the Kyoto Protocol. http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,923,en.pdf Retrieved 20/12/2010 Irelands emissions peaked in 2001 at a time when Ireland was experiencing high employment, a strong economy, and further growth was anticipated. The years to follow showed reduction in emission levels yet the targets set out under the Kyoto Protocol remained what appeared to many to be an over ambitious target. 2002 showed that Ireland was 23% above emissions for 1990. In 2005 emission levels stood at 25% above base level. In 2004 and 2005, when it became apparent that more needed to be done to ensure Ireland met its targets, the government intensified its efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The 2006 budget saw the introduction of excise relief for biofuels and the introduction of new building regulations to provide higher standards of energy conservation. [5] Irelands Pathway to Kyoto Compliance Review of the National Climate Change Strategy http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,1289,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The National Climate Change Strategy 2007 2012 was published in order to show clearly the measures by which Ireland will meet its 2008 2012 commitment, to show how these measures will sustain post 2012, and to identify the areas in which further measures are being researched and developed to enable Ireland to meet its 2020 commitments. The report states that electricity generation from renewable sources provides the most effective way of reducing the contribution of power generation to Irelands greenhouse gas emissions. [6] National Climate Change Strategy 2007 -2012 http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Atmosphere/FileDownLoad,1861,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The strategy shows the range of measures which have been developed that aim to reduce Irelands carbon dioxide equivalent by 17 million tonnes (Mt). With regard to electricity generation, the aim is 15% of energy to be generated from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020, biomass to contribute 30% of energy input at peat stations by 2015, support for combined heat and power projects, and formation of the National Ocean Energy Strategy. 2.2.3 Looking Beyond 2012 Steps have already been taken to introduce a new treaty to operate once the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. The 15th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) agreed the Copenhagen Accord to the UNFCCC in December 2009. Whilst not legally binding, the Accord endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. 114 countries representing over 80% of global GHG emissions have agreed to the accord including Ireland. Many have concerns regarding the Accord because it is not legally binding and no legally binding replacement exists for the Kyoto Protocol, the Accord was drafted by just 5 countries, and the Accord sets no real targets to achieve emission reductions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8423831.stm (23/12/2010) 2.2.4 The Stern Report The Stern Report on the Economics of Climate Change was published for the British Government in 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham, Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. The key message of the Stern Report is as follows: What is going to happen to the climate over the next 20-30 years has already been determined and is irreversible. Actions over the next 20-30 years will affect what happens in the decades to come. Climate change threatens the basic elements of life including access to water, food, health, land use and the environment. Stabilization of all GHGs at 550ppm is recommended. The costs of stablilizing the climate are significant (1% of global GDP) but manageable. Delay would be dangerous and much more expensive. Action demands and international response. The key actions outlines by Stern include: Increase in efficiency of energy use. Strict emission trading rules to support the transition to low carbon development paths. Extensive use of renewable and other low carbon technologies. Fivefold increase in low carbon technologies Research and Development. Reduction in deforestation. Freris, L Infield, D. (2008) Renewable Energy in Power Systems. West Sussex, UK: Wiley 2.3 EU Policy 2.3.1 General European countries generate more than 4000 GWh/year from geothermal sources predominantly in Italy, Iceland, Turkey and Russia. Direct use such as GSHP usage is however, much more widespread with usage in most European countries. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/library/geotherm.pdf (23/12/2010) High availability and low carbon emissions make geothermal energy one of the best prospects for influencing GHG emissions in Europe. The European Union has been one of the most consistent supporters of the Kyoto Protocol. Member states of the EU have made a commitment to be met by 2020 known as the 20-20-20 target. These are to reduce GHG emissions 20% below 1990 levels, ensure 20% of EUs energy comes from renewable sources, and ensure a 20% reduction in primary energy consumption compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. These commitments were outlined following the need for a follow on from the Kyoto Protocol which expires in 2012. In 2005 renewable energy accounted for just 8.5% of energy consumed in the EU. The need to in4crease this figure is recognized by the EU and measures have been taken to encourage member states to expand their renewable energy production and to rely less on conventional carbon emitting energy production systems. Europe is also at the front of cutting edge new geothermal energy research with an ongoing European Hot Dry Rock (HDR) project at Soultz-sous-Forets in France which is supported by the EU. 2.3.2 Blue Book on Geothermal Resources The EU published its Blue Book on Geothermal Resources in 2002 in order to identify a series of measures which could promote the use of geothermal energy sources across the EU. The publication corresponded with the need for Europe to expand on renewable energy sources in order to meet its targets of 12% by 2010. The publication acknowledges that expanding use of geothermal resources will show a significant reduction to CO2 emissions and thus help make Kyoto targets more achievable. A geothermal energy generation plant produces on average just 136 g/kWh of CO2 compared to 1042 g/kWh for a typical coal fired power plant. The report recommends that the EU increase the exploitation of geothermal energy in the EU and associated countries and to support European firms within the sector to improve their share of the world market. The Blue Book outlines 12 measures the EU proposed to take to enhance the usage of geothermal technologies in Europe as follows: To stimulate the creation of European consortia and joint ventures among different subjects interested in investing in geothermal projects in Europe and abroad. To favour National Geothermal Associations and the European branch of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). To support the newly created European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC). The maintenance and improvement of the EUs existing research and financing programmes. To promote the environmental benefits of geothermal energy through favourable financing conditions such as tax exemptions or reductions, tax incentives, financial incentives for end users, loans and special interest rates for investment in RE resources. Geothermal energy should be included in specific target projects and demonstration projects both as an environmentally friendly resource and as an indigenous energy supply for saving imported fossil fuels. To establish an insurance system for EU countries in order to cover the geological risk. Implement proper actions devoted to the systematic integration of geothermal energy into existing and new EU and national RE development programmes. Promote directives in order to acknowledge RE investments (including geothermal) with an extra price or a contribution for the KWhe/KWht produced which corresponds to the external benefit derived from the substitution of conventional energy sources. Increase the use of information brochures and actions of the Multi-energy type, with the objective of increasing the level of information and confidence of using geothermal energy by decision-makers, private and public operators, town planners, designers, even within EU programmes. Promote a detailed study for the evaluation, in quantitative terms of the external benefits from substitution by geothermal applications. Considering the good development perspectives of this application, special attention could be devoted to the promotion and support for the GSHP market. 2.3.3 Energy 2020 Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable, and secure energy was published by the European Commission on 10th November 2010. It sets out ambitious targets for member states with regards to energy. Known as the 20-20-20 policy, member states are required to: Reduce GHG emissions by 20%, rising to 30% provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and economically more advanced developing countries contributing adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities. Increase the share of renewable energy to 20% Make a 20% improvement in energy efficiency. There is also an ambitious target of 80 95% emission cuts by 2050 amongst EU and other industrialized countries. These targets are fully supported by the European Parliament. The commission proposes to focus its initiatives on the traffic and building sectors which it believes provide the biggest potential for energy savings and to provide investment incentives and financial instruments to promote energy reductions. 2.4 Irish Policy 2.4.1 General Irelands policy regarding energy and renewable energy is largely based upon meeting targets set out under both the Kyoto Protocol and the European Commissions 2020 energy targets. A White Paper released in March 2007 sets out the Governments Energy Policy for 2007 2020 which includes reaching 15% of energy produced from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020. To date, progress has been made mainly due to the wind energy sector. Since 2006, Ireland introduced a feed in tariff which pays a fixed rate for energy input to the national grid from renewable sources. 2.4.2 The REFIT Scheme Between 1995 and 2003 Ireland operated a tender or Alternative Energy Requirement (AER) scheme to promote RES-E. This scheme was replaced in 2006 when Ireland introduced the Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) as a major instrument towards encouraging expansion of the RES-E sector in Ireland. The scheme financially rewards input into the national electricity grid from renewable sources outlined in table x.x below. As part of the scheme there is a 15 year guarantee which aims to provide investor security. Geothermal energy is not currently included in the REFIT programme which is one major obstacle to the growth of the geothermal electricity generation sector in Ireland. The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) outlines plans to extend the scheme to include Anaerobic Digestion/High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP) biomass technologies, ocean (wave and tidal) energy and offshore wind. 2.4.2 Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland Building on the energy Green Paper and related consultation process conducted during 2006, the Irish government released a energy White Paper in March 2007 outlining the Irish Governments Energy Policy Framework 2007 2020 to deliver sustainable energy future for Ireland. Ireland faces similar energy challenges to those being confronted worldwide. The document also reasserts Irelands prohibition of the use of Nuclear energy in Ireland on grounds of safety fears, security, economic feasibility, and system operation. 2.4.3 Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010 In a debate with The Joint Committee on Climate Change and Energy Security on 16th September 2009, GT Energy who have since submitted a planning application to South Dublin County Council to develop a Geothermal Energy Plant at Newcastle, Co. Dublin, outlined their concerns regarding obstacles they faced with the existing legislative framework. They outlined that their investors and board of directors were uneasy with the lack of legislation and scope within planning regulations to allow for their proposed development. Arising from this debate and increasing pressure from other sources, the Department of Communications, Energy, and Natural Resources decided to draft the Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010. The bill is currently in draft form and publication is expected in July 2011. The bill will allow for the licensing of companies to explore for and develop deep geothermal energy resources. Under the EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC), Ireland is required to generate 16% of its gross energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020 and 12% of its heat consumption. As Ireland is currently highly dependent on the use of fossil fuels for energy production, it is vital that measures are taken to expand the use of available renewable energy options. Already, large scale hydroelectric and wind energy developments are operational, but further advances are needed. The move by the Irish Government to draft a Geothermal Energy Bill is another step towards regulation and legislating what could become another major large scale renewable energy production industry for Ireland. The need for the Bill is based on the feeling that Ireland lacks a comprehensive legal and regulatory that provides the allocation of ownership interests and ancillary rights in the resource. Third party interests were also not protected in a systematic manner and as a result, potential investors in the sector are deterred from making significant commitment in Ireland. The bill will be able to grant exploration and development licences for deep geothermal energy resources and regulate the ownership of resources, ancillary rights and the protection of third party interests. The Bill aims to pursue two main policy objectives by facilitating the development of large scale geothermal energy in order to increase its contribution to Irelands renewable energy targets and to avoid over regulation of small scale projects. The EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC) has set a target that 16% of gross energy consumption in Ireland will need to come from renewable sources by 2020. The Directive recognises geothermal energy as one of the means by which this target can be met. The heat market in Ireland consumes approximately one third of primary energy supply and is very highly dependant on fossil fuels. Alternatives to fossil fuels for direct heating include biomass, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), and geothermal energy. The introduction of this legislation is also based on the introduction of regulation and legislation in other countries. Sweden, for example, has inferior geothermal resources compared to Ireland, and yet its utilisation is much greater. This can be attributed to Swedens regulatory system which provides a solid licensing system and security for potential investors. Article 10.1 of the Constitution states that All natural resources, including the air and all forms of potential energy, within the jurisdiction of the Parliament and Government established by this Constitution and all royalties and franchises within that jurisdiction belong to the State subject to all estates and interests therein for the time being lawfully vested in any person or body. This in effect, gives ownership of the geothermal energy resource to the Irish State. 2.4.4 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) was published under the requirements of Article 4 of Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy. The plan sets out Irelands national targets for the share of renewable energy from different sources in 2020 and demonstrates how Ireland will meet its overall national target established under the Directive. Irelands overall target is to achieve 16% of energy from renewable sources by 2020 however, the government has set a target of 40%. Although ambitious, in the past Ireland has surpassed the target set undet the 2001 European RES-E Directive which required an increase from 3.6% RES-E in 2001 to 13.2% in 2010. In 2009, this target was already surpassed with Ireland achieving 14.4% RES-E. This increase is largely attributed to the development of onshore wind sources. In terms of transport, the plan outlines the governments two pronged strategy to increase the use of biofuels and accelerated development and use of electric vehicles in Ireland. A target of 10% of electric vehicles has been set for 2020. A target of 12% renewable heat by 2020 has also been set. Initial focus will be on biomass but geothermal resources will also be considered in due course. http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C71495BB-DB3C-4FE9-A725-0C094FE19BCA/0/2010NREAP.pdf 2.5 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2.5.1 General The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI), formerly the Irish Energy Centre, was set up by the government in 2002 with the mission to transform Ireland into a society based on sustainable energy structures, technologies and practices. The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland final report was published by SEAI in July 2004 along with resource mapping which was compiled following extensive testing and research carried out by The CSA Group. The report focuses mainly on the use of geothermal for heating purposed rather than electricity production. The report looks at historic use of geothermal energy in Ireland, current use, and possible future uses. It found that Ireland is particularly well suited for the use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) as suitable temperatures for this technology can be found at relatively low depths. Various examples of current geothermal use in Ireland are outlined. 2.5.3 Geothermal Usage in Ireland to Date Ground Source Heat Pumps are the most common type of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland to date with over a thousand domestic installations up to 2004. GSHP technology is examined in more detail in Chapter 3. Apart from domestic usage, geothermal energy usage is quite limited in Ireland with only a handful of installations in offices, universities etc. Tramore Civic Offices, Co. Waterford mains supply flows through a purpose built 500,000 litre reservoir. Some of this water is then piped through an open loop to a heat exchanger. The mains water transfers the heat but is kept separate to the heat exchange operation in order to keep it potable. UCC Art Museum uses drilled borehole technology with water rising at 20 litres/sec to 2 heat exchanging units to heat the 3 storey building. Mallow Swimming Pool, Co. Cork also uses a borehole to provide heat for the swimming pool. The water is approximately 19.5Â °c and is boosted by conventional means at the pool. 2.5.3 Geothermal Resource Mapping As part of their report, CSA also compiled a comprehensive set of maps showing Irelands geothermal properties at various locations and depths. In order to carry out the mapping, CSA embarked on a process to gather as much information as they could from exiting boreholes, from previous studies and from data available from Imperial College, London, Minerex, Tara Exploration etc. A database was formed consisting of borehole ID, co-ordinates, depth tested, basal temperature, surface temperature (assumed to be 10Â °c where not available), depth (20-100m intervals), temperature (20-100m intervals), geothermal gradient (20-100m intervals) and finally inflection point in the geothermal gradient profile, where applicable. 2.5.3 Geothermal at shallow depths (0-100m) The report finds that Ireland is particularly well suited for the exploitation of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) technology. GHSPs are heating systems that pump or transfer heat to or from the ground. These systems use the earths relatively constant temperature to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for homes and commercial buildings. This technology is the most common use of geothermal energy in Ireland to date. Typically in Ireland, horizontal closed loop systems are used, positioned 0.6 1.0m below ground surface although often as deep as 2.0m. Soil temperatures in Ireland range from 10ËÅ ¡c 11ËÅ ¡c. (Aldwell and Burdon 1980) 2.5.4 Geothermal at medium to deep depths (100-5000m) One of the major limitations of this report in terms of its deep geothermal resource assessment is that there was only a very limited amount of deep geothermal data available on which assessment could be based. It is therefore, not possible to identify locations where good deep geothermal resources exist outside a few known locations. The results from the measurement and modelling of 98 boreholes as part of the study indicate that the best proven potential for medium and deep geothermal resources in the Republic of Ireland are in the northeast and northwest midlands where temperatures of up to 40Â °c 60Â °c are recorded at depths of 1000m. From the study it is also interpreted that at 2500m depth from surface there is potential for temperatures of 60Â °c generally north of the Limerick Dublin line with hot spots in the region of 80Â °c in Co. Clare, the east midlands and Co. Cavan. At 5000m depth values greater than 100Â °c are predicted north of the Limerick Dublin line. Figure x.x is the Lindal diagram which shows the applications for geothermal resources depending on temperature. http://www.gns.cri.nz/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/lindal-diagram2/31871-1-eng-GB/lindal-diagram.jpg

Illusions in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

Illusions in A Streetcar Named Desire In Tennessee Williams' play, A Streetcar Named Desire, there are many examples where the characters are using illusions in an attempt to escape reality. The best example is found by looking to the main character. Blanche Dubois was a troubled woman who throughout the play lives her life in illusions. The story begins with Blanche going to New Orleans to stay with her sister Stella, and her husband Stanley for a while. Here, the illusions are revealed and the battle between the illusions and the characters will begin. What initially leads to her illusions is love. When she was young, "sixteen, I made the discovery - love. All at once and much, much too completely" (1368). She met Allan Grey, the perfect man - he had "a nervousness, a softness and tenderness which wasn't like a man's, although he wasn't the least bit effeminate" (1368). However, as we are eventually are shown, this illusion wouldn't last forever. The young couple got married and, to Blanche, were falling more and more in love, when one day "coming into a room that I thought was empty" (1368), this illusion would be shattered. In this room were her husband, Allan, and a older male friend of his. Allan Grey was gay. Soon, Blanche realised that all along he had been trying to let her know and get "the help he needed but couldn't speak of! He was in the quicksands and clutching at me - but I wasn't holding him out, I was slipping in with him!" (1368). She was falling farther into the illusion with each passing second with her love, because she couldn't really believe that he was with her and was for real. Allan was in fact an illusion himself, by trying to appear straight to everyone. At first, they would try to deny it but the illusion would soon be totally destroyed when Blanche let it slip while they were dancing that "I saw! I know! You disgust me..." (1369). With this, Allan runs outside and kills himself. I believe that Allan killed himself more so because he realised Blanche would no longer help him than because she knew. He believed that if there was anyone who would help him make it through this whole ordeal, it would be Blanche. Because of all this, Blanche fell into another illusion. She figured that if she were loved again, the way Allan and her were meant to be, then she could be happy again. So, "after the death of Allan - intimacies with strangers was all I seemed able to fill my empty heart